AUCTORES
Globalize your Research
Research Article | DOI: https://doi.org/10.31579/2692-9406/032
*Corresponding Author: Chrysanthus Chukwuma Sr, the Chrysanthus Centre for Future-Oriented Studies, Democracy Estate, Abakaliki, Ebonyi State, Nigeria.
Citation: C Chukwuma. (2021) Ecological Analysis of the COVID-19 Pandemic. Biomedical Research and Clinical Reviews. 3(1); DOI:10.31579/2692-9406/032
Copyright: © 2021 Chrysanthus Chukwuma, This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.
Received: 31 October 2020 | Accepted: 15 January 2021 | Published: 20 January 2021
Keywords: comorbidities; environmental health; ecological fallacy; biodiversity; anthropogenic activities; socioeconomic disruptions; mass hysteria
Economic, sociological, natural, anthropogenic constructed systems and associated ambients have been enmeshed in the untoward impacts of the COVID-19 pandemic. Environment, health and quality of life should remain of immediate concern in governmental policy and governance. In this COVID-19 era, the diminished introduction of pollutants and the decreased exacerbation of contaminants in the ecosystem due to drastic reduction in economic and industrial production have perspicuously posed less threat and aberration to biodiversity, ecological and environmental systems. The conceptual ecological analysis of the COVID-19 trajectories exposes the dire consequences of the unpreparedness of nature and humans in this pandemic era. It is important to elucidate the functionalities of anthropogenic activities in environmental degradation and the inextricable-linkage between pandemics, ecosystem deterioration and health as pertinent to animal, human, plant, land usage, water and biodiversity. The conspiracy theories, ecological fallacy and mass hysteria of COVID-19 emergence stem from perspicuous extensive shirking of responsibilty regarding domestic and global environmental health by the public and private sectors of production, consumption, administration and governance.
The COVID-19 outbreak has assumed a global catastrophic stance, with the World Health Organization (WHO) designating it a World health emergency on 30 January, 2020. The easy and peculiar dissemination and accelerated transmissibility of the etiological agent culminated in the production of inordinate quantities of medical and environmental solid, liquid and gaseous/atmospheric wastes spewed into the biosphere. A vast majority of the world's population have been restricted in their motion/mobility in order to harness or curb the dissemination and transmission of COVID-19 and reduce contracting the disease as not to face untoward morbidity and sequelae with imminent mortality. Anthropogenic activities are being restricted during these COVID-19 episodes following the lockdown of social and economic way of life. The depicted disruptions of normal human behaviours with concomitant increased morbidity and mortality, staggered introduction of quarantine and isolation centres as well as self-isolation, job dissipation, increased unemployment hazard and elevated uncertainty and healthcare costs and supplies have thrown the world into an unprecedented hardship. Due to the uncertainty of drug treatments against the novel coronavirus, there have been expansive anecdotal information and communications needs in the administration of appropriate therapeutic regimen for symptoms in COVID-19 patients [1].
Also, COVID-19 has restricted the latitude, economic and ecological potentialities of researchers to venture into the field for data and sample collation as well as instrumentation check to explicate the sudden emergence and accelerated dissemination of the virus in certain parts of the world in perspicuous differentials or contrasts to other regions [1, 2].
Environmental health perspectives
Diverse environmental attributes govern the outbreak and dissemination of epidemic or pandemic occurrences with concomitant environmental feedbacks. The COVID-19 or novel coronavirus disease with its rapid and expansive spatiotemporal distribution and complex sequelae presented as a global pandemonium undergirded with ecological fallacy and mass hysteria [3]. Countries responded with diverse measures, such as the application of face masks, hand washing, social distancing and other environmental, health and healthcare measures which assisted to ameliorate the disaster in certain instances. Otherwise, the COVID-19 pandemic has been accompanied by dissipation of the ingress of income, adverse impacts of the disease and comorbidities. Anthropogenic activities were mainly determinants and risk factors in the harnessing and curbing of COVID-19 globally [4]. Anthropogenic activities and natural occurrences as well as multidimensional phenomena have been inextricably related in the resolution of the conflicting presence of the COVID-19 pandemic [5].
Numerous environmental impacts of the COVID-19 pandemic include environmental perturbation and deterioration from anthropogenic activities and uncontrolled natural interventions. These have ostensibly retarded social, economic and industrial processes, consumption, motion, natural resources, as well as decreased contaminant and pollutant emissions. However, atmospheric carbon dioxide and nitrogen oxide emissions have incessantly become elevated. Processes for ecosystem and biodiversity conservation almost reached diminutive capacity. These have culminated in inter alia increased unwholesome and sporadic solid waste-dumping with resultant unsustainable way of existence. Also, there is associated abrogation of crucial features on global environmental governance regarding the climate change and biodiversity ''super year'' [6].
Climate and ecological fallacy?
Despite certain measures, such as face mask-accoutrements, hand-washing procedures and social distancing, there is extant grave concerns of an emergent coronavirus mutation/new strain having elevated virus load that ostensibly overwhelms extant protective devices, and are extensively contagious but not more deadly or intensively hazardous than the extant COVID-19 [7]. With the concomitant lifestyle alterations emanating from socioeconomic retardation and dissipation of economic livelihood, sudden diminution and stagnation of leisure and recreational activities, these disruptions have culminated in decreased air/atmospheric, water and land aberration [8]. Following the gradual decline in atmospheric pollution, it is evident that there are decreased reports of the debilitative effect of COVID-19 infections of direct atmospheric pollution-to-human in lieu of person-to-person in select geographical regions [9]. The novel coronavirus that generated clusters of grave pneumonia mortality presenting clinical characteristics mimicking SARS-COV [10] has ostensibly declined in comparison to the incipient stages. Also, the ecological fallacy that associates weather status, climatic conditions, geographical areas, temperature, humidity and atmospheric effects in the preponderance and exacerbation of COVID-19 seem not to provide evidence that warmer climates are not susceptible to the rapid dissemination and transmission of COVID-19 [11]. An ecological study [12] suggested that an exact correlation between ambient temperature and COVID-19 transmissibility be elucidated within systematic and comprehensive conditions for non-linear association as evidenced in influenza using an extended observation and veritable evidence for further tests and verification. The impact assessment of disparate socio-ecological risk factors and determinants on the spatial distribution of the COVID-19 pandemic depicted that climatic attributes do not significantly correlate to COVID-19 risk.
Urbanization and socioeconomic factors
However, socioeconomic factors, vulnerable populations and population density correlated with COVID-19 risk [13]. Also, urban conurbation and deficient physical activity predisposed to COVID-19 morbidity and mortality [14]. The necessary response involves diverse viewpoints to elucidate the evolving natural history of SARS-CoV-2 infection due to its rapid and easy transmissibility in urban cornubations [15]. New York City presented as the preponderant USA urban cluster of the COVID-19 pandemic with varied localities subjected to disparate nuclei of incidents. Potential socioeconomic attributes tended to pertain to the neighbourhood spatiotemporal variations in the positivity rate of the COVID-19 test [16].
Environmental health and biodiversity
Biodiversity undergirds present and future economic abundance, human health, well-being and welfare [17]. It is pertinent that nations inculcate and adhere to biodiversity in all COVID-19 concerns, sustainable and restorative processes. Biodiversity protection is crucial in confronting any imminent pandemic. Certain countries or regions have integrated biodiversity paradigm in disparate COVID-19 policy and governance which invariably includes ecosystem restoration, strengthening environmental regulations, enhancing stimulus measures and biodiversity conservation [18]. The variation between socio-economic and environmental parameters depicts the complexity of interactions associated with global supply chains, spillover impacts encompassing manufacturing, tourism and transportation in the industry sectors. These need to be examined to rapidly stimulate global economy for society and environment in the present dispensation and in the future of post-COVID-19 [19]. Numerous anthropogenic activities are detrimental to biodiversity, landscape and environmental heterogeneity, with expansive propensity for the dissemination of emerging and re-emerging diseases [20, 21]. The positive environmental health effects due to stringent environmental and health activities serve as instances in way of life in which necessary behavioral changes pose positive impacts towards biodiversity and ecosystems for the present and future [22].
Interactions with infectious and noninfectious diseases
COVID-19 and non-communicable disease interactions are likely to elevate the global encumbrance of both disorders, severally or jointly [23-25}. The COVID-19 pandemic has increased communicable disease research model of which certain of these studies inculcate environmental parameters. These include issues regarding spatiotemporal transmissions, comorbidities with environmentally-inextricably linked respiratory disorders, and the potential for predictive attributes in information and communication needs [1] for future local and global policies to treat, harness and curb viral transmission. Platforms exist to access environmental data which are conventionally applicable in communicable or infectious diseases with comprehensive climate monitoring data [26, 27] and ecological analysis of the COVID-19 pandemic and other such presentations.
Discussion
The COVID-19 pandemic invariably provide the latitude for a local and global re-think on the restoration and sustainability of socioeconomic activities, ecosytem and species dissipation, land and environmental degradation, investment in nature for the present and future [28]. Researchers suggest the emphasis and pertinence of prompt, stringent decision-making processes and structures to harness and curb the COVID-19 pandemic [29]. Within this framework is associated governance and administration of unintended consequences and potent policies embracing sustainable transitions, with the main objective being how to predict the outbreak size, inflection points, clusters and epicentres [30]. Another aim is evaluation of the effectivity or efficacy of intervention evolution and self-protection devices, risk estimation of the inchoate disruption of control or regulatory measures or procedures and predicting the spatiotemporal trends based on reviewed and published data and nascent mathematical modeling [20, 31]. The etiology of the emergence and dissemination of COVID-19 and other zoonoses must be elucidated to prevent and obliterate fulminating infectious diseases as well as intelligently respond to future disease eruptions by inhibiting or suppressing the transmission link and eradicating the novel coronavirus and its imminent mutagens.
With the easement of the COVID-19 pandemic or restrictive measures, excoriating pressure on the ecosystem will rapidly resume with minimally constrained risks to health and biodiversity as recovery investments are allocated to polluting commercial activities with diminished pecuniary and hunger [32] stimuli for green investment. Public and private institutions must restore the economy to re-create and fill employment lacunae, food production and accessibility [32] to obviate hunger, sustain the atmospheric quality induced by COVID-19, and enhance better land, water and sanitation. In addition, institutions must improve waste management and biodiversity restoration and protection, provide for diminutive greenhouse gas emissions with concomitant decreased vulnerability and susceptibility with elevated resilience and sustainability for the future.
Conclusion
There are extant immense impacts of the COVID-19 pandemic across countries or regions within disparate contexts. The paucity of informantion and communication have resulted in the acquisition of merely anecdotal data in most instances. There is expansive latitude for further investigation in all facets, and especially the potential effects of COVID-19 on restoration and sustainability with particular reference to the environment, health and socio-economic development as related to biodiversity, landuse, water, air, quality and way of life as well as policy making, administration and governance. The obliteration or suppression of COVID-19 and its concomitant sequelae are achievable via the knowledge of constituting an integral component where the COVID-19 pandemic, other emerging and reemerging infectious diseases will not continue to be of ecological impertinence.
Clearly Auctoresonline and particularly Psychology and Mental Health Care Journal is dedicated to improving health care services for individuals and populations. The editorial boards' ability to efficiently recognize and share the global importance of health literacy with a variety of stakeholders. Auctoresonline publishing platform can be used to facilitate of optimal client-based services and should be added to health care professionals' repertoire of evidence-based health care resources.
Journal of Clinical Cardiology and Cardiovascular Intervention The submission and review process was adequate. However I think that the publication total value should have been enlightened in early fases. Thank you for all.
Journal of Women Health Care and Issues By the present mail, I want to say thank to you and tour colleagues for facilitating my published article. Specially thank you for the peer review process, support from the editorial office. I appreciate positively the quality of your journal.
Journal of Clinical Research and Reports I would be very delighted to submit my testimonial regarding the reviewer board and the editorial office. The reviewer board were accurate and helpful regarding any modifications for my manuscript. And the editorial office were very helpful and supportive in contacting and monitoring with any update and offering help. It was my pleasure to contribute with your promising Journal and I am looking forward for more collaboration.
We would like to thank the Journal of Thoracic Disease and Cardiothoracic Surgery because of the services they provided us for our articles. The peer-review process was done in a very excellent time manner, and the opinions of the reviewers helped us to improve our manuscript further. The editorial office had an outstanding correspondence with us and guided us in many ways. During a hard time of the pandemic that is affecting every one of us tremendously, the editorial office helped us make everything easier for publishing scientific work. Hope for a more scientific relationship with your Journal.
The peer-review process which consisted high quality queries on the paper. I did answer six reviewers’ questions and comments before the paper was accepted. The support from the editorial office is excellent.
Journal of Neuroscience and Neurological Surgery. I had the experience of publishing a research article recently. The whole process was simple from submission to publication. The reviewers made specific and valuable recommendations and corrections that improved the quality of my publication. I strongly recommend this Journal.
Dr. Katarzyna Byczkowska My testimonial covering: "The peer review process is quick and effective. The support from the editorial office is very professional and friendly. Quality of the Clinical Cardiology and Cardiovascular Interventions is scientific and publishes ground-breaking research on cardiology that is useful for other professionals in the field.
Thank you most sincerely, with regard to the support you have given in relation to the reviewing process and the processing of my article entitled "Large Cell Neuroendocrine Carcinoma of The Prostate Gland: A Review and Update" for publication in your esteemed Journal, Journal of Cancer Research and Cellular Therapeutics". The editorial team has been very supportive.
Testimony of Journal of Clinical Otorhinolaryngology: work with your Reviews has been a educational and constructive experience. The editorial office were very helpful and supportive. It was a pleasure to contribute to your Journal.
Dr. Bernard Terkimbi Utoo, I am happy to publish my scientific work in Journal of Women Health Care and Issues (JWHCI). The manuscript submission was seamless and peer review process was top notch. I was amazed that 4 reviewers worked on the manuscript which made it a highly technical, standard and excellent quality paper. I appreciate the format and consideration for the APC as well as the speed of publication. It is my pleasure to continue with this scientific relationship with the esteem JWHCI.
This is an acknowledgment for peer reviewers, editorial board of Journal of Clinical Research and Reports. They show a lot of consideration for us as publishers for our research article “Evaluation of the different factors associated with side effects of COVID-19 vaccination on medical students, Mutah university, Al-Karak, Jordan”, in a very professional and easy way. This journal is one of outstanding medical journal.
Dear Hao Jiang, to Journal of Nutrition and Food Processing We greatly appreciate the efficient, professional and rapid processing of our paper by your team. If there is anything else we should do, please do not hesitate to let us know. On behalf of my co-authors, we would like to express our great appreciation to editor and reviewers.
As an author who has recently published in the journal "Brain and Neurological Disorders". I am delighted to provide a testimonial on the peer review process, editorial office support, and the overall quality of the journal. The peer review process at Brain and Neurological Disorders is rigorous and meticulous, ensuring that only high-quality, evidence-based research is published. The reviewers are experts in their fields, and their comments and suggestions were constructive and helped improve the quality of my manuscript. The review process was timely and efficient, with clear communication from the editorial office at each stage. The support from the editorial office was exceptional throughout the entire process. The editorial staff was responsive, professional, and always willing to help. They provided valuable guidance on formatting, structure, and ethical considerations, making the submission process seamless. Moreover, they kept me informed about the status of my manuscript and provided timely updates, which made the process less stressful. The journal Brain and Neurological Disorders is of the highest quality, with a strong focus on publishing cutting-edge research in the field of neurology. The articles published in this journal are well-researched, rigorously peer-reviewed, and written by experts in the field. The journal maintains high standards, ensuring that readers are provided with the most up-to-date and reliable information on brain and neurological disorders. In conclusion, I had a wonderful experience publishing in Brain and Neurological Disorders. The peer review process was thorough, the editorial office provided exceptional support, and the journal's quality is second to none. I would highly recommend this journal to any researcher working in the field of neurology and brain disorders.
Dear Agrippa Hilda, Journal of Neuroscience and Neurological Surgery, Editorial Coordinator, I trust this message finds you well. I want to extend my appreciation for considering my article for publication in your esteemed journal. I am pleased to provide a testimonial regarding the peer review process and the support received from your editorial office. The peer review process for my paper was carried out in a highly professional and thorough manner. The feedback and comments provided by the authors were constructive and very useful in improving the quality of the manuscript. This rigorous assessment process undoubtedly contributes to the high standards maintained by your journal.
International Journal of Clinical Case Reports and Reviews. I strongly recommend to consider submitting your work to this high-quality journal. The support and availability of the Editorial staff is outstanding and the review process was both efficient and rigorous.
Thank you very much for publishing my Research Article titled “Comparing Treatment Outcome Of Allergic Rhinitis Patients After Using Fluticasone Nasal Spray And Nasal Douching" in the Journal of Clinical Otorhinolaryngology. As Medical Professionals we are immensely benefited from study of various informative Articles and Papers published in this high quality Journal. I look forward to enriching my knowledge by regular study of the Journal and contribute my future work in the field of ENT through the Journal for use by the medical fraternity. The support from the Editorial office was excellent and very prompt. I also welcome the comments received from the readers of my Research Article.
Dear Erica Kelsey, Editorial Coordinator of Cancer Research and Cellular Therapeutics Our team is very satisfied with the processing of our paper by your journal. That was fast, efficient, rigorous, but without unnecessary complications. We appreciated the very short time between the submission of the paper and its publication on line on your site.
I am very glad to say that the peer review process is very successful and fast and support from the Editorial Office. Therefore, I would like to continue our scientific relationship for a long time. And I especially thank you for your kindly attention towards my article. Have a good day!
"We recently published an article entitled “Influence of beta-Cyclodextrins upon the Degradation of Carbofuran Derivatives under Alkaline Conditions" in the Journal of “Pesticides and Biofertilizers” to show that the cyclodextrins protect the carbamates increasing their half-life time in the presence of basic conditions This will be very helpful to understand carbofuran behaviour in the analytical, agro-environmental and food areas. We greatly appreciated the interaction with the editor and the editorial team; we were particularly well accompanied during the course of the revision process, since all various steps towards publication were short and without delay".
I would like to express my gratitude towards you process of article review and submission. I found this to be very fair and expedient. Your follow up has been excellent. I have many publications in national and international journal and your process has been one of the best so far. Keep up the great work.
We are grateful for this opportunity to provide a glowing recommendation to the Journal of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy. We found that the editorial team were very supportive, helpful, kept us abreast of timelines and over all very professional in nature. The peer review process was rigorous, efficient and constructive that really enhanced our article submission. The experience with this journal remains one of our best ever and we look forward to providing future submissions in the near future.
I am very pleased to serve as EBM of the journal, I hope many years of my experience in stem cells can help the journal from one way or another. As we know, stem cells hold great potential for regenerative medicine, which are mostly used to promote the repair response of diseased, dysfunctional or injured tissue using stem cells or their derivatives. I think Stem Cell Research and Therapeutics International is a great platform to publish and share the understanding towards the biology and translational or clinical application of stem cells.
I would like to give my testimony in the support I have got by the peer review process and to support the editorial office where they were of asset to support young author like me to be encouraged to publish their work in your respected journal and globalize and share knowledge across the globe. I really give my great gratitude to your journal and the peer review including the editorial office.
I am delighted to publish our manuscript entitled "A Perspective on Cocaine Induced Stroke - Its Mechanisms and Management" in the Journal of Neuroscience and Neurological Surgery. The peer review process, support from the editorial office, and quality of the journal are excellent. The manuscripts published are of high quality and of excellent scientific value. I recommend this journal very much to colleagues.
Dr.Tania Muñoz, My experience as researcher and author of a review article in The Journal Clinical Cardiology and Interventions has been very enriching and stimulating. The editorial team is excellent, performs its work with absolute responsibility and delivery. They are proactive, dynamic and receptive to all proposals. Supporting at all times the vast universe of authors who choose them as an option for publication. The team of review specialists, members of the editorial board, are brilliant professionals, with remarkable performance in medical research and scientific methodology. Together they form a frontline team that consolidates the JCCI as a magnificent option for the publication and review of high-level medical articles and broad collective interest. I am honored to be able to share my review article and open to receive all your comments.
“The peer review process of JPMHC is quick and effective. Authors are benefited by good and professional reviewers with huge experience in the field of psychology and mental health. The support from the editorial office is very professional. People to contact to are friendly and happy to help and assist any query authors might have. Quality of the Journal is scientific and publishes ground-breaking research on mental health that is useful for other professionals in the field”.
Dear editorial department: On behalf of our team, I hereby certify the reliability and superiority of the International Journal of Clinical Case Reports and Reviews in the peer review process, editorial support, and journal quality. Firstly, the peer review process of the International Journal of Clinical Case Reports and Reviews is rigorous, fair, transparent, fast, and of high quality. The editorial department invites experts from relevant fields as anonymous reviewers to review all submitted manuscripts. These experts have rich academic backgrounds and experience, and can accurately evaluate the academic quality, originality, and suitability of manuscripts. The editorial department is committed to ensuring the rigor of the peer review process, while also making every effort to ensure a fast review cycle to meet the needs of authors and the academic community. Secondly, the editorial team of the International Journal of Clinical Case Reports and Reviews is composed of a group of senior scholars and professionals with rich experience and professional knowledge in related fields. The editorial department is committed to assisting authors in improving their manuscripts, ensuring their academic accuracy, clarity, and completeness. Editors actively collaborate with authors, providing useful suggestions and feedback to promote the improvement and development of the manuscript. We believe that the support of the editorial department is one of the key factors in ensuring the quality of the journal. Finally, the International Journal of Clinical Case Reports and Reviews is renowned for its high- quality articles and strict academic standards. The editorial department is committed to publishing innovative and academically valuable research results to promote the development and progress of related fields. The International Journal of Clinical Case Reports and Reviews is reasonably priced and ensures excellent service and quality ratio, allowing authors to obtain high-level academic publishing opportunities in an affordable manner. I hereby solemnly declare that the International Journal of Clinical Case Reports and Reviews has a high level of credibility and superiority in terms of peer review process, editorial support, reasonable fees, and journal quality. Sincerely, Rui Tao.
Clinical Cardiology and Cardiovascular Interventions I testity the covering of the peer review process, support from the editorial office, and quality of the journal.
